How Long to Read A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems

How Long Does it Take to Read A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 29 minutes to read A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems by Nicholas J. D. Singers

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The need to classify New Zealand's diverse and complex ecosystems is driven not only by scientific curiosity, but also by increased land use planning activity. The classification of ecosystems, as opposed to vegetation, involves the description of relationships between the abiotic environment and its biotic overlay. Although the use of modern quantitative approaches to ecosystem classification would be a preferred option, these have had limited development and application across the full range of biodiversity in New Zealand. Therefore, recognising the need to incorporate physical variables, process variables and biota, we initially constructed a subjective, theoretical framework of environmental or physical drivers in New Zealand. This resulted in a three-variable hierarchy of temperature, moisture availability, and landform and soil gradients, which were divided sequentially down into categories or environmental classes. Vegetation classification literature and expert opinion were then used to align vegetation communities and ground cover classes with each of these environmental zones. A primary division within this classification was the conceptual distinction between zonal and azonal ecosystems, where zonal ecosystems are driven primarily by the physical, macroclimatic variables of temperature and moisture availability, and azonal ecosystems are primarily the product of process variables producing edaphic extremes (e.g., extreme rock and soil chemistry, extreme heat, and frequent disturbance). Thus, for the azonal section of the classification, the three-variable abiotic framework was applied after these additional process variables, which included geomorphic disturbance, frequent fire, geothermal heat and extreme soil chemistry. In total, this classification led to 152 ecosystems being recognised--78 zonal and 74 azonal. This is just one thematic scale of classification, with coarser or finer levels possible depending on purpose. Transition from this mainly qualitative ecosystem classification to quantitative approaches will occur as biodiversity databases and statistical modelling permit improved fits with natural geographic patterns.

How long is A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems?

A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems by Nicholas J. D. Singers is 87 pages long, and a total of 22,359 words.

This makes it 29% the length of the average book. It also has 27% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 2 minutes to read A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems aloud.

What Reading Level is A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems?

A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems?

A Classification of New Zealand's Terrestrial Ecosystems by Nicholas J. D. Singers is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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