How Long to Read Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples

How Long Does it Take to Read Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples?

It takes the average reader and 22 minutes to read Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples by Christopher Ian Bailey

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The second-generation anticoagulant brodifacoum is currently used for possum and rodent control on the New Zealand mainland, and for rodent eradication on offshore islands. To investigate whether these uses have produced undesirable effects in localised wild rat populations (anticoagulant resistance) or in birds (effects on blood coagulation times), blood clotting response tests utilising small-volume sampling were established using albino laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus, Wistar) and domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). These tests were then used on blood samples taken from wild rats (R. norvegicus) and kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli). During the development of the blood-clotting test in laboratory rats we observed a reduced anticoagulant response after a second dose of 0.1 mg/kg of brodifacoum, compared with the initial exposure. There was no evidence of anticoagulant resistance in rats from areas where there was a history of 2.5 years' use of brodifacoum. Statistical differences were found in the clotting times of kiwi from areas with a history of anticoagulant use and those from areas where brodifacoum has not been used, but the clotting times were the opposite of what would be expected if they were interpreted on the basis of exposure history alone. These results highlight uncertainties regarding resistance, sub-lethal effects, threshold concentrations in the liver, and the toxicodynamics of anticoagulants in mammals and birds.

How long is Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples?

Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples by Christopher Ian Bailey is 22 pages long, and a total of 5,544 words.

This makes it 7% the length of the average book. It also has 7% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 30 minutes to read Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples aloud.

What Reading Level is Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples?

Assessing Anticoagulant Resistance in Rats and Coagulation Effects in Birds Using Small-volume Blood Samples is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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