How Long to Read CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease

How Long Does it Take to Read CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 49 minutes to read CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease by Eleonora Grandi

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are a broadly expressed family of calcium-sensitive intracellular kinases, which are responsible for transducing cytosolic calcium signals into phosphorylation-based regulation of proteins and physiological functions. As the multifunctional member of the family, CaMKII has become the most prominent for its roles in the central nervous system and heart, where it controls a diverse range of calcium-dependent processes; from learning and memory at the neuronal synapse, to cellular growth and death in the myocardium. In the heart, CaMKII directly regulates many of the most important ion channels and calcium handling proteins, and controls the expression of an ever-increasing number of transcripts and their downstream products. Functionally, these actions are thought to orchestrate many of the electrophysiologic and contractile adaptations to common cardiac stressors, such as rapid pacing, chronic adrenergic stimulation, and oxidative challenge. In the context of disease, CaMKII has been shown to contribute to a remarkably wide variety of cardiac pathologies, of which heart failure (HF) is the most conspicuous. Hyperactivity of CaMKII is an established contributor to pathological cardiac remodeling, and is widely thought to directly promote arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction during HF. Moreover, several non-failing arrhythmia-susceptible phenotypes, which result from specific genetic channelopathies, functionally mimic constitutive channel phosphorylation by CaMKII. Because CaMKII contributes to both the acute and chronic manifestations of major cardiac diseases, but may be only minimally required for homeostasis in the absence of chronic stress, it has come to be one of the most promising therapeutic drug targets in cardiac biology. Thus, development of more specific and deliverable small molecule antagonists remains a key priority for the field. Here we provide a selection of articles to summarize the state of our knowledge regarding CaMKII in cardiac health and disease, with a particular view to highlighting recent developments in CaMKII activation, and new targets in CaMKII-mediated control of myocyte physiology.

How long is CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease?

CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease by Eleonora Grandi is 166 pages long, and a total of 42,496 words.

This makes it 56% the length of the average book. It also has 52% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 52 minutes to read CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease aloud.

What Reading Level is CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease?

CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease?

CaMKII in Cardiac Health and Disease by Eleonora Grandi is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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