How Long to Read Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control

How Long Does it Take to Read Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control?

It takes the average reader 7 hours and 5 minutes to read Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control by S. Krasner

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Utilities must decide whether to modify their existing treatment practices to achieve compliance with the D/DBP regulations. A regulatory impact analysis predicted that up to 70% of large surface-water systems would need to make some treatment modifications. Meeting multiple water-quality objectives plays an important role in the decision-making process of water utilities. Utilities must meet other regulatory requirements and secondary drinking-water standards. In addition, there are operational, financial, and engineering issues that affect the selection of treatment technologies. Because of the uncertainty of how stringent certain regulations will be and the high costs of advanced treatment technologies, many utilities have implemented treatment modifications in stages. Most utilities have made treatment modifications that have been cost-effective to meet their site-specific needs and objectives, while continuing to study or implement long-term treatment changes to meet more stringent future regulations. Utilities must factor in other regulatory requirements and secondary drinking-water standards when selecting a treatment modification for compliance with the D/DBP Rule. Some utilities chose advanced treatment processes (e.g., ozonation, membranes) that would enable them to satisfy other current and anticipated future regulations or other water quality objectives. Some systems chose ozone, in part because of its ability to destroy taste-and-odor-causing contaminants. Likewise, granular activated carbon was added to filters for taste-and-odor control. In addition, space and retrofit considerations affected technology choices. Many utilities have implemented treatment modifications in stages. To meet Stage 1 of the D/DBP Rule, most utilities have made treatment modifications that have been cost-effective to meet their site-specific needs and objectives, while continuing to study or implement long-term treatment changes to meet more stringent future regulations. The major disadvantage to staged implementation was that the treatment process was re-optimized each time treatment modifications were made. However, this problem was minimized if the full range of changes in treatment was envisioned in advance and if incremental modifications were made that were part of and consistent with long-term modifications.

How long is Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control?

Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control by S. Krasner is 416 pages long, and a total of 106,496 words.

This makes it 140% the length of the average book. It also has 130% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 9 hours and 41 minutes to read Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control aloud.

What Reading Level is Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control?

Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control?

Case Studies of Modified Treatment Practices for Disinfection By-Product Control by S. Krasner is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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