How Long to Read Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men?

How Long Does it Take to Read Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men??

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 30 minutes to read Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? by Janet Elaine Fulton

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Many persons in the U.S. gain weight during young adulthood, and the prevalence of obesity has been increasing among young adults. Although obesity and physical inactivity are generally recognized as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), the magnitude of their effect on risk may have been seriously underestimated due to failure to adequately handle the problem of cigarette smoking. Since cigarette smoking causes weight loss, physically inactive cigarette smokers may remain relatively lean because they smoke cigarettes. We hypothesize cigarette smoking modifies the association between weight gain during young adulthood and risk of coronary heart disease during middle age, and that the true effect of weight gain during young adulthood on risk of CHD can be assessed only in persons who have not smoked cigarettes. Specifically, we hypothesize that weight gain during young adulthood is positively associated with risk of CHD during middle-age in nonsmokers but that the association is much smaller or absent entirely among cigarette smokers. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis. The population for analysis was comprised of 1,934 middle-aged, employed men whose average age at the baseline examination was 48.7 years. Information collected at the baseline examinations in 1958 and 1959 included recalled weight at age 20, present weight, height, smoking status, and other CHD risk factors. To decrease the effect of intraindividual variation, the mean values of the 1958 and 1959 baseline examinations were used in analyses. Change in body mass index ($\Delta$BMI) during young adulthood was the primary exposure variable and was measured as BMI at baseline (kg/m$\sp2)$ minus BMI at age 20 (kg/m$\sp2).$ Proportional hazards regression analysis was used to generate relative risks of CHD mortality by category of $\Delta$BMI and cigarette smoking status after adjustment for age, family history of CVD, major organ system disease, BMI at age 20, and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Adjustment was not performed for systolic blood pressure or total serum cholesterol as these were regarded as intervening variables. Vital status was known for all men on the 25th anniversary of their baseline examinations. 705 deaths (including 319 CHD deaths) occurred over 40,136 person-years of experience. $\Delta$BMI was positively associated with risk of CHD mortality in never-smokers, but not in ever-smokers (p for interaction = 0.067). For never-smokers with $\Delta$BMI of stable, low gain, moderate gain, and high gain, adjusted relative risks were 1.00, 1.62, 1.61, and 2.78, respectively (p for trend = 0.010). For ever-smokers, with $\Delta$BMI of stable, low gain, moderate gain, and high gain, adjusted relative risks were 1.00, 0.74, 1.07, and 1.06, respectively (p for trend = 0.422). These results support the research hypothesis that cigarette smoking modifies the association between weight gain and CHD mortality. Current estimates of the magnitude of effect of obesity and physical inactivity on risk of coronary mortality may have been seriously underestimated due to inadequate handling of cigarette smoking.

How long is Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men??

Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? by Janet Elaine Fulton is 210 pages long, and a total of 52,500 words.

This makes it 71% the length of the average book. It also has 64% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 46 minutes to read Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? aloud.

What Reading Level is Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men??

Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men??

Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? by Janet Elaine Fulton is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

To buy Does Cigarette Smoking Modify the Association Between Change in Body Mass Index During Young Adulthood and Risk of Coronary Mortality During Middle-age in Men? by Janet Elaine Fulton on Amazon click the button below.