How Long to Read Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections

How Long Does it Take to Read Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 3 minutes to read Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections by Aaron Yu-Yuan Chang

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Dendritic cells play a critical role in orchestrating a robust immune response against viral infections. These specialized cells are responsible for various functions including, the production of type I interferon, (IFN-I) which plays a critical role in both innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. Chronic viral infections such as HIV and HCV in humans, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice, lead to dendritic cell dysfunctions. Here, we demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were a preferentially targeted leukocyte population early after LCMV infection in-vivo and that they represented a major leukocyte source of IFN-I. Remarkably, while conventional dendritic cell (cDC) IFN-I production was dependent on intrinsic viral replication, but uninfected pDCs produced IFN-I in a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 dependent manner. Moreover, continuous TLR stimulation was sufficient to down-regulate expression of a key pDC transcription factor, E2-2, and exhaust pDCs for IFN-I production. Treatment with a TLR-7 agonist during development caused pDC developmental and functional defects. Thus, the present study provides new insight into the mechanisms that lead to dendritic cell dysfunction during chronic viral infections and demonstrates that TLR stimulation alone is enough to cause functional defects in pDCs.

How long is Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections?

Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections by Aaron Yu-Yuan Chang is 63 pages long, and a total of 15,939 words.

This makes it 21% the length of the average book. It also has 19% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 27 minutes to read Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections aloud.

What Reading Level is Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections?

Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections?

Early Host-Virus Interactions and Late Dendritic Cell Immune Exhaustion in Persistent Viral Infections by Aaron Yu-Yuan Chang is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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