How Long to Read Evolution and Speciation in Animals

How Long Does it Take to Read Evolution and Speciation in Animals?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 54 minutes to read Evolution and Speciation in Animals by T. J. Pandian

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This book represents the first attempt to quantify environmental factors and life history traits that accelerate or decelerate species diversity in animals. About 15%, 8% and 77% of species are distributed in marine (70% of earth’s surface), freshwater (terra firma fosters more diversity. The harsh hadal, desert and elevated montane habitats restrict diversity to 0.5-4.2%. Costing more time and energy, osmotrophic and suspension modes of food acquisition limit diversity to Selfing hermaphrodites (0.9%), parthenogens ( Incidence of heterogamety is four-times more in males than in females. Hence, evolution is more a male-driven process. Egg size is determined by environmental factors, but lecithality is genetically fixed. In poikilotherms, sex is also determined by gene(s), but differentiation by environmental factors. The extra-ovarian vitellogenesis (> 96%), spermatozoan (81%) rather than spermatophore mechanism of sperm transfer, promiscuity and polygamy over monogamy, iteroparity (99.6%) over semelparity and internal fertilization (84%) are preferred, as they accelerate diversity. Body size and egg size determine fecundity. Indirect life cycle (82%) and incorporation of feeding larval stages accelerate diversity. Brooding and viviparity (6.4%) decelerate it. Parasitism extends life span and liberates fecundity from eutelism. Evolution is an ongoing process, and speciation and extinction are its unavoidable by-products. The in-built conservation mechanism of reviving life after a sleeping duration has been reduced from a few million years in microbial spores to a few thousand years in plant seeds and a few hundred years in dormant eggs in animals. Hence, animal conservation requires priority. The existence of temperature-resistant/insensitive individuals, strains and species shall flourish during the ongoing global warming and earth shall continue with such burgeoning species, hopefully inclusive of man.

How long is Evolution and Speciation in Animals?

Evolution and Speciation in Animals by T. J. Pandian is 346 pages long, and a total of 88,576 words.

This makes it 117% the length of the average book. It also has 108% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Evolution and Speciation in Animals Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 8 hours and 4 minutes to read Evolution and Speciation in Animals aloud.

What Reading Level is Evolution and Speciation in Animals?

Evolution and Speciation in Animals is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Evolution and Speciation in Animals?

Evolution and Speciation in Animals by T. J. Pandian is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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