How Long to Read Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa

How Long Does it Take to Read Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 40 minutes to read Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa by T.J. Pandian

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The polyphyletic Protozoa have explored the possibility of performing almost all metazoan functions with a few subcellular organelles. Their unicellularity and structural simplicity have (i) limited diversity to 32,950 species, (ii) restricted spatial distribution to aquatic habitats (94%, against 15% in Metazoa), (iii) demonstrated the ubiquitous dominance of clonality, (iv) reduced sexualization in 50% species, (v) facilitated the use of vegetative gametes in 40% species and (vi) secondary loss of sex in 10% species. With the fastest multiplication rates, i.e. once every 6-60 hours, they occur in high densities of 105-106 cell/ml. Their diverse and complicated life cycles are described in 30 types. Being risky, the cycle involves two hosts in clonality > hermaphroditism > motility. Motility ranges from 2-3 μm for Rhizopoda to 400-2,000 μm for Ciliophora. Not surprisingly, 6,800 species of arcellinids, filosians and formainifers are testated or shelled. Within 1,229 sessile species, the peritrichid and suctorian ciliates are better adapted to coloniality. Unlike those of many Metazoa, the protozoan cyst is a dynamic stage, in which clonal or sexual reproduction occurs. Over 81% protozoans encyst, as it ensures (i) 90% survival during unfavorable conditions (against 15 in 12% non-encysted protozoans), (ii) genome transfer through generations, (iii) dispersal into new habitats and (iv) transmission to new hosts. Their mean body size ranges from 2 μm to 2 mm – a range over 1,000-times – only 8% aquatic metazoans cover a similar size range. In comparison to 77% macrophagy in Metazoa, only 46% protozoans are macrophagous predators. Within motile microphagy, protozoans filter 3-2 times smaller food particle at 50% cheaper clearance cost. This efficiency has expanded microphagy to 15% in protozoans, against 3% in Metazoa. Hence, their turnover rate in trophic dynamics is twice faster than that of metazoans. Foraminifers serve as ecological sensitive indicators in petroleum exploration and rise in sea level. For the first time, incidences of clonality and meiosis as well as symbiosis and parasitism have been shown to hint at the origin and evolution of different protozoan taxonomic groups during the geological past.

How long is Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa?

Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa by T.J. Pandian is 220 pages long, and a total of 55,000 words.

This makes it 74% the length of the average book. It also has 67% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours to read Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa aloud.

What Reading Level is Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa?

Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa?

Evolution and Speciation in Protozoa by T.J. Pandian is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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