How Long to Read Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems

How Long Does it Take to Read Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 28 minutes to read Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems by National Research Council

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The polar regions are experiencing rapid changes in climate. These changes are causing observable ecological impacts of various types and degrees of severity at all ecosystem levels, including society. Even larger changes and more significant impacts are anticipated. As species respond to changing environments over time, their interactions with the physical world and other organisms can also change. This chain of interactions can trigger cascades of impacts throughout entire ecosystems. Evaluating the interrelated physical, chemical, biological, and societal components of polar ecosystems is essential to understanding their vulnerability and resilience to climate forcing. The Polar Research Board (PRB) organized a workshop to address these issues. Experts gathered from a variety of disciplines with knowledge of both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Participants were challenged to consider what is currently known about climate change and polar ecosystems and to identify the next big questions in the field. A set of interdisciplinary "frontier questions" emerged from the workshop discussions as important topics to be addressed in the coming decades. To begin to address these questions, workshop participants discussed the need for holistic, interdisciplinary systems approach to understanding polar ecosystem responses to climate change. As an outcome of the workshop, participants brainstormed methods and technologies that are crucial to advance the understanding of polar ecosystems and to promote the next generation of polar research. These include new and emerging technologies, sustained long-term observations, data synthesis and management, and data dissemination and outreach.

How long is Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems?

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems by National Research Council is 86 pages long, and a total of 22,016 words.

This makes it 29% the length of the average book. It also has 27% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours to read Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems aloud.

What Reading Level is Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems?

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems?

Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems by National Research Council is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

To buy Frontiers in Understanding Climate Change and Polar Ecosystems by National Research Council on Amazon click the button below.