How Long to Read Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels

How Long Does it Take to Read Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 42 minutes to read Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels by Aaron Andrew Fulton

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Aside from blocking upper watershed spawning areas, dams degrade in-stream aquatic habitat conditions by reducing or halting the transport of alluvial sediments that some species like salmon require for spawning. Gravel augmentation (GA), the technique of adding gravels to regulated rivers directly below impoundments, attempts to restore alluvial sediment inputs and has produced high quality interim spawning habitat in many gravel-bed channels since the 1970s. In the future, as Federal Energy Regulatory Commission permits are reissued, GA could be used as mitigation for upstream habitat loss and as a way to bolster declining populations. Although a significant effort has been made to develop channel rehabilitation programs that include GA on low gradient gravel-bed channels, no previous studies have investigated the role and applicability of GA in bedrock channels. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of GA in a bedrock channel below Englebright Dam on the Yuba River, CA using historical imagery, surface grain measurements, 2-D hydrodynamic modeling, habitat suitability curves, sediment transport analyses, and inter-site comparisons. Overall we tested nine hypotheses related to sediment characteristics, hydraulics, geomorphology, and spawning habitat to elicit controls on GA in bedrock channels. The sediment size distribution at the Englebright Darm Reach (EDR) is significantly coarser than the highly utilized Timbuctoo Apex Reach (TBAR) and can be improved through GA. While a velocity reversal and flow convergence routing promote riffle pool maintenance at the alluvial TBAR, no reversal was observed at the EDR. Instead, lateral and vertical constrictions associated with the underlying bedrock morphology at the EDR create convergence along topographical highs and divergence within pools for all discharges. Therefore, flow convergence routing at the EDR will tend to fill existing pools with augmented gravels or lead to particle accumulation along channel margins where depositional features impact local hydraulics. Shields stress predictions at the EDR suggest the entire channel is stable during spawning flows and that full transport of augmented gravels can be expected in the channel center at discharges above 900.5 m3/s (5-yr event). A consistent pattern of maximum velocity and Shields stress in the channel center will prohibit the formation of cross channel alluvial habitat. Overall, small scale GA in bedrock channels similar to the EDR will lead to small improvements in suitable habitat instead of macro-scale spawning beds and riffles constructed in regulated gravel bed channels. The greatest increase in habitat quality will occur along channel margins where roughness features in the channel promote deposition.

How long is Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels?

Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels by Aaron Andrew Fulton is 102 pages long, and a total of 25,704 words.

This makes it 34% the length of the average book. It also has 31% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 20 minutes to read Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels aloud.

What Reading Level is Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels?

Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels?

Gravel for Salmon in Bedrock Channels by Aaron Andrew Fulton is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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