How Long to Read Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding

How Long Does it Take to Read Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 4 minutes to read Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding by Eric Austin Sundstrom

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Chemical flooding has been researched extensively for the purposes of enhancing oil recovery. Alkaline-polymer (AP) and alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) injections both rely heavily on similar chemical components. The alkali can reduce interfacial tension (IFT) by reactions with the organic acids of the oil, reduce adsorption of surfactants, and alter wettability. The polymer agent increases the viscosity of the injected aqueous phase to attain a more favorable water-oil mobility ratio. The addition of an alkali to a straight polymer flood can further increase the efficiency in polymer flooding. The alkali can react with the rock, or minerals in the rock, to reduce polymer adsorption. The alkali can also interact with the polymer solution to decrease viscosity, allowing higher injectivity. These and other fluid-fluid and rock-fluid reactions have a significant impact on the performance of a chemical flood. Several core flooding experiments were run to compare oil recovery, resistance factors, and pressure differentials, for polymer, alkali, and AP tertiary floods. The conditions tested correspond to Wyoming's Minnelusa sandstone reservoirs. Berea sandstone cores were waterflooded to residual oil saturation, followed by a tertiary injection of either polymer, alkali, or AP solution, then finished with waterflooding. Two different alkalis, NaOH and Na2CO3 were used and compared for all experiments with alkali. Both single and two phase experiments were conducted to investigate oil recovery and rock-fluid interactions. Rheological experiments were conducted on polymer solutions varying the pH and ionic strength. IFT was measured using pendant-drop shape analysis. The adsorption of the polymer solutions was measured for dynamic and static conditions both with and without the alkalis. The results show that the addition of an alkali can increase oil recovery in both waterflooding and polymer flooding, but has a far more significant impact on the latter as a result of the rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions. The alkali addition to a polymer flood, or an AP injection, can decrease viscosity and adsorption of the polymer solution while increasing oil recovery. The decrease in viscosity can lead to an increase in injectivity, more favorable for field applications. As alkali concentration decreases through adsorption and reactions, polymer viscosity increases with the consequent restoration of a more favorable mobility ratio. The decrease in adsorption can also allow for a more economical flood design. The outcomes of this research may further improve chemical flood designs with the addition of an alkali to better understand recovery and injectivity due to the rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions when an alkali is one component of a chemical flood. Some of the conclusions of this work can be extended to other alkaline floods such as alkaline-surfactant-polymer injection.

How long is Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding?

Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding by Eric Austin Sundstrom is 123 pages long, and a total of 31,119 words.

This makes it 42% the length of the average book. It also has 38% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 50 minutes to read Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding aloud.

What Reading Level is Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding?

Impact of Rock-fluid and Fluid-fluid Interactions in Chemical Flooding is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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