How Long to Read Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies

How Long Does it Take to Read Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 55 minutes to read Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies by J. Lee

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

For many years, cross-connections and backflow have been well understood. Programs to prevent unhealthy situations from happening have been in place for many years. However, a general and extensive study on their impacts, types of programs, incidents, and financial repercussions has not been conducted. Many computer models for steady state or quasi-steady state simulation exist, but applications for transient state simulation, especially demonstrating backflow incidents, have rarely been done.The first objective of this project was to assess the impacts, financial and otherwise, of cross-connections and cross-connection control in North American water supplies and to North American water purveyors. The project team also planned to create and use a computer model to simulate and demonstrate hydraulic changes in the transient state.Of the over 700 utilities surveyed, 91% were found to have a cross-connection control program. Survey data indicated 65% of cross-connections were indirect and 35% were direct. Sudden changes of water demands in piping networks can cause sub-atmospheric pressures within the systems resulting in backflow incidents. Systems with larger variances in ground elevations have the greater possibility of creating sub-atmospheric pressures as water demands in the systems change.Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003 This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below

How long is Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies?

Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies by J. Lee is 228 pages long, and a total of 58,824 words.

This makes it 77% the length of the average book. It also has 72% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 21 minutes to read Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies aloud.

What Reading Level is Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies?

Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies?

Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies by J. Lee is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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