How Long to Read In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas

How Long Does it Take to Read In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas?

It takes the average reader 6 hours and 40 minutes to read In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas by Stâephane Declerck

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The?rst 30 cm of the earth's surface represents a fragile and valuable ecos- tem, thanks to which terrestrial plants, and indirectly animals and humans, can live. The microbial activity occurring in soil is largely responsible for its physical and nutritional quality. Among the micro-organisms living in soil, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a major role. They are present in all types of soil, everywhere on the planet, living in symbiotic association with the roots of most plant species. They have co-evolved with plants for 400 million years, improving their nutrition and resistance to v- ious types of stress. Present practices in conventional agriculture, which introduce great amounts of chemicals, have eliminated or underexploited the AM symbiosis. The rational exploitation of AM fungi in sustainable agriculture, to help minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, has been hampered by several biological characteristics of these mic- organisms: they cannot be grown in the absence of a plant host and their genetic structure is very complex. Despite these limitations, biologists have made important progress in understanding better the functioning of AM fungi. An in vitro technique has been developed using mycorrhizal root organ cultures, which made it possible to investigate the genetics, cell biology and physiology of AM fungi. We can now be objective enough to critically evaluate the impacts the in vitro technique has had to improve our knowledge on mycorrhizal symbiosis.

How long is In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas?

In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas by Stâephane Declerck is 388 pages long, and a total of 100,104 words.

This makes it 131% the length of the average book. It also has 122% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 9 hours and 7 minutes to read In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas aloud.

What Reading Level is In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas?

In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas?

In Vitro Culture of Mycorrhizas by Stâephane Declerck is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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