How Long to Read Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime

How Long Does it Take to Read Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime?

It takes the average reader 8 hours and 57 minutes to read Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime by Yuko Yamamoto

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Alpine permafrost exists at high altitude at lower latitudes, such as in the Swiss Alps. Accelerating climate change, including rising mean annual air temperature and extreme rainfall conditions in alpine regions induces permafrost degradation. The warming of permafrost causes accelerated creep of rock glaciers, due to increased unfrozen water content and higher deformability of the ice phase. Recently, the development of deepening depressions has been observed in several rock glaciers in Switzerland, and the changes in land surface characteristics and drainage systems may initiate slope instabilities in rock glaciers. The main aim of this thesis is to characterise the strength and stiffness of alpine frozen soil in rock glaciers. To this end, the geotechnical response, such as creep and failure of frozen soil was investigated through a triaxial stress path testing programme with novel measurement systems for detecting acoustic emissions and measuring volumetric change. In addition, the resistance to crack initiation and propagation was investigated through a beam bending test programme on rectangular artificially frozen soil specimens, using the acoustic emission measurement system. The evaluation of laboratory tests on artificially frozen soil specimens implied that the development of deep depressions in rock glaciers occurs through differential creep and thermal degradation, and that the rate of deformation has the potential to lead to instabilities in rock glaciers. A comparison of the simulation results with the experimental data demonstrated that the semi-coupled model was successful in simulating the most important aspects of the temperature-dependent stress-strain relationship for the frozen soil behaviour that was measured at the element scale. This thesis contributes to an understanding of the variations in geotechnical response of alpine permafrost, by investigating the behaviour of artificially frozen soil specimens experimentally and numerically with time and temperature under specific stress paths. However, further investigations are necessary to assess the long-term stability of rock glaciers affected by climate change.

How long is Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime?

Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime by Yuko Yamamoto is 519 pages long, and a total of 134,421 words.

This makes it 175% the length of the average book. It also has 164% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 12 hours and 14 minutes to read Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime aloud.

What Reading Level is Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime?

Instabilities in alpine permafrost: strength and stiffness in a warming regime is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

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