How Long to Read Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

How Long Does it Take to Read Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 23 minutes to read Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington by Daniel G. Gavin

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This study brings together decades of research on the modern natural environment of Washington's Olympic Peninsula, reviews past research on paleoenvironmental change since the Late Pleistocene, and finally presents paleoecological records of changing forest composition and fire over the last 14,000 years. The focus of this study is on the authors’ studies of five pollen records from the Olympic Peninsula. Maps and other data graphics are used extensively. Paleoecology can effectively address some of these challenges we face in understanding the biotic response to climate change and other agents of change in ecosystems. First, species responses to climate change are mediated by changing disturbance regimes. Second, biotic hotspots today suggest a long-term maintenance of diversity in an area, and researchers approach the maintenance of diversity from a wide range and angles (CITE). Mountain regions may maintain biodiversity through significant climate change in ‘refugia’: locations where components of diversity retreat to and expand from during periods of unfavorable climate (Keppel et al., 2012). Paleoecological studies can describe the context for which biodiversity persisted through time climate refugia. Third, the paleoecological approach is especially suited for long-lived organisms. For example, a tree species that may typically reach reproductive sizes only after 50 years and remain fertile for 300 years, will experience only 30 to 200 generations since colonizing a location after Holocene warming about 11,000 years ago. Thus, by summarizing community change through multiple generations and natural disturbance events, paleoecological studies can examine the resilience of ecosystems to disturbances in the past, showing how many ecosystems recover quickly while others may not (Willis et al., 2010).

How long is Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington?

Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington by Daniel G. Gavin is 142 pages long, and a total of 35,784 words.

This makes it 48% the length of the average book. It also has 44% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 15 minutes to read Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington aloud.

What Reading Level is Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington?

Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington?

Late Pleistocene and Holocene Environmental Change on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington by Daniel G. Gavin is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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