How Long to Read Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems

How Long Does it Take to Read Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 33 minutes to read Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems by Paul Ward

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The increasing complexity of work systems and changes in the nature of workplace technology over the past century have resulted in an exponential shift in the nature of work activities, from physical labor to cognitive work. Modern work systems have many characteristics that make them cognitively complex: They can be highly interactive; comprised of multiple agents and artifacts; information may be limited and distributed across space and time; task goals are frequently ill-defined, conflicting, dynamic and emergent; planning may only be possible at general levels of abstraction or require adaptive solutions; some degree of proficiency or expertise is required; the stakes are often high; and uncertainty, time-constraints and stress are seldom absent. To complicate matters further, cognition in complex work settings is typically constrained by broader professional, organizational, and institutional practice and policy. These features of cognitive work present significant challenges to scientific methodology and theory, and subsequent design of reliable interventions. Historically, philosophers and scientists have attempted to understand the mental activities experienced during cognitive work at multiple levels of analysis using divergent methods. Some have examined cognition at an associative, contextual, functional or holistic level, relying on naturalistic methods to understand the higher mental processes as they work in harmony during goal-directed behavior. Others have embraced experimental methods and favored internal over external validity, often reducing cognition to a psychology of fundamental acts, such as short-term memory access with millisecond shifts in attention. More recently, Macrocognition has evolved as a complementary paradigm. Macrocognitive researchers have studied the cognitive functions and processes associated with skilled, adaptive, collaborative, and resilient cognitive work in the context of the aforementioned complexities of psychotechnical and sociotechnical work systems. Typically, this research has been carried out using cognitive task analytic techniques that draw on both naturalistic and (quasi-)experimental methods. The primary goals of research in Macrocognition are to better understand cognitive adaptations to complexity, to increase our theoretical understanding of the organism-environment relations by studying the mapping between cognitive work and real-world demands, and to promote use-inspired research capable of improving system performance.

How long is Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems?

Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems by Paul Ward is 152 pages long, and a total of 38,304 words.

This makes it 51% the length of the average book. It also has 47% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 29 minutes to read Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems aloud.

What Reading Level is Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems?

Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems?

Macrocognition: The Science and Engineering of Sociotechnical Work Systems by Paul Ward is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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