How Long to Read Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon

How Long Does it Take to Read Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon?

It takes the average reader 1 hour to read Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon by Annett Brigitte Sullivan

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

A hydrodynamic, water temperature, and water-quality model of the Link River to Keno Dam reach of the upper Klamath River was updated to account for macrophytes and enhanced pH buffering from dissolved organic matter, ammonia, and orthophosphorus. Macrophytes had been observed in this reach by field personnel, so macrophyte field data were collected in summer and fall (June-October) 2011 to provide a dataset to guide the inclusion of macrophytes in the model. Three types of macrophytes were most common: pondweed (Potamogeton species), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), and common waterweed (Elodea canadensis). Pondweed was found throughout the Link River to Keno Dam reach in early summer with densities declining by mid-summer and fall. Coontail and common waterweed were more common in the lower reach near Keno Dam and were at highest density in summer. All species were most dense in shallow water (less than 2 meters deep) near shore. The highest estimated dry weight biomass for any sample during the study was 202 grams per square meter for coontail in August. Guided by field results, three macrophyte groups were incorporated into the CE-QUAL-W2 model for calendar years 2006-09. The CE-QUAL-W2 model code was adjusted to allow the user to initialize macrophyte populations spatially across the model grid. The default CE-QUAL-W2 model includes pH buffering by carbonates, but does not include pH buffering by organic matter, ammonia, or orthophosphorus. These three constituents, especially dissolved organic matter, are present in the upper Klamath River at concentrations that provide substantial pH buffering capacity. In this study, CE-QUAL-W2 was updated to include this enhanced buffering capacity in the simulation of pH. Acid dissociation constants for ammonium and phosphoric acid were taken from the literature. For dissolved organic matter, the number of organic acid groups and each group's acid dissociation constant (Ka) and site density (moles of sites per mole of carbon) were derived by fitting a theoretical buffering response to measured upper Klamath River alkalinity titration curves. The organic matter buffering in the Klamath River was modeled with two monoprotic organic acids: carboxylic acids with a mean pKa of 5.584 and site density of 0.1925, and phenolic organic acids with a mean pKa of 9.594 and site density of 0.6466. Total inorganic carbon concentrations in the model boundary inputs were recalculated based on the new buffering equations. CE-QUAL-W2 was also adjusted to allow the simulation of nonconservative alkalinity caused by nitrification, denitrification, photosynthesis, and respiration. The Klamath River model was recalibrated after the macrophyte and pH buffering updates producing improved predictions for pH, dissolved oxygen, and particulate carbon.

How long is Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon?

Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon by Annett Brigitte Sullivan is 60 pages long, and a total of 15,000 words.

This makes it 20% the length of the average book. It also has 18% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 21 minutes to read Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon aloud.

What Reading Level is Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon?

Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Macrophyte and PH Buffering Updates to the Klamath River Water-Quality Model Upstream of Keno Dam, Oregon?

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