How Long to Read Making Machines of Animals

How Long Does it Take to Read Making Machines of Animals?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 39 minutes to read Making Machines of Animals by Neal A. Knapp

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

How the Chicago International Livestock Exposition leveraged the eugenics movement to transform animals into machines and industrialize American agriculture. In 1900, the Chicago International Livestock Exposition became the epicenter of agricultural reform that focused on reinventing animals' bodies to fit a modern, industrial design. Chicago meatpackers partnered with land-grant university professors to create the International—a spectacle on the scale of a world's fair—with the intention of setting the standard for animal quality and, in doing so, transformed American agriculture. In Making Machines of Animals, Neal A. Knapp explains the motivations of both the meatpackers and the professors, describing how they deployed the International to redefine animality itself. Both professors and packers hoped to replace so-called scrub livestock with "improved" animals and created a new taxonomy of animal quality based on the burgeoning eugenics movement. The International created novel definitions of animal superiority and codified new norms, resulting in a dramatic shift in animal weight, body size, and market age. These changes transformed the animals from multipurpose to single-purpose products. These standardized animals and their dependence on off-the-farm inputs and exchanges limited farmers' choices regarding husbandry and marketing, ultimately undermining any goals for balanced farming or the maintenance and regeneration of soil fertility. Drawing on land-grant university research and publications, meatpacker records and propaganda, and newspaper and agricultural journal articles, Knapp critiques the supposed market-oriented, efficiency-driven industrial reforms proffered by the International, which were underpinned by irrational, racist ideologies. The livestock reform movement not only resulted in cruel and violent outcomes for animals but also led to twentieth-century crops and animal husbandry that were rife with inefficiencies and agricultural vulnerabilities.

How long is Making Machines of Animals?

Making Machines of Animals by Neal A. Knapp is 215 pages long, and a total of 54,825 words.

This makes it 73% the length of the average book. It also has 67% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Making Machines of Animals Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 59 minutes to read Making Machines of Animals aloud.

What Reading Level is Making Machines of Animals?

Making Machines of Animals is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Making Machines of Animals?

Making Machines of Animals by Neal A. Knapp is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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