How Long to Read Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins

How Long Does it Take to Read Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins?

It takes the average reader 7 hours and 52 minutes to read Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins by George A. Porter

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The majority of the offending toxicants to be reviewed in this volume were devel oped to help mankind, and it is only with prolonged or widespread application that their adverse effects have been recognized. Conversely, in the case of pre scrip tion drugs, there has been an attempt to identify the adverse effects in advance and incorporate these risks into the decision of approval for human consumption. Unfortunately, for those drugs in which recognized injury occurs only after prolonged use, such appraisals are made in retrospect. Despite this, most renal injury induced by drugs or toxicants can be either prevented by excluding drugs with unacceptable side effects or interrupted by eliminating the offending agent once damage is manifested. The fact that prevention, reversibility, or arrest of renal injury is possible provided a major impetus for this publication. Since no international registry for nephrotoxic injury exists, estimates of incidence must rely on less than ideal sources. Recently I, together with Dr. William Bennett, summarized a survey of the frequency of various categories of nephrologic disease (Porter and Bennett, 1981). Based on this survey, we projected that in nearly one of ten patients seeking nephrologic consultation a nephrotoxic etiology may be involved. Of cases of end-stage renal disease, between 3 and 4% are due to drug nephrotoxicity, according to recent published results(European Dialysis and Transplant Association, 1979). For acute renal failure, antibiotics and contrast agents persist as major offending agents, while for chronic renal failure, analgesics remain a worldwide problem.

How long is Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins?

Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins by George A. Porter is 458 pages long, and a total of 118,164 words.

This makes it 155% the length of the average book. It also has 144% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 10 hours and 45 minutes to read Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins aloud.

What Reading Level is Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins?

Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins?

Nephrotoxic Mechanisms of Drugs and Environmental Toxins by George A. Porter is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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