How Long to Read Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics

How Long Does it Take to Read Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 25 minutes to read Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics by National Research Council

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Permafrost is a thermal condition -- its formation, persistence and disappearance are highly dependent on climate. General circulation models predict that, for a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, mean annual air temperatures may rise up to several degrees over much of the Arctic. In the discontinuous permafrost region, where ground temperatures are within 1-2 degrees of thawing, permafrost will likely ultimately disappear as a result of ground thermal changes associated with global climate warming. Where ground ice contents are high, permafrost degradation will have associated physical impacts. Permafrost thaw stands to have wide-ranging impacts, such as the draining and drying of the tundra, erosion of riverbanks and coastline, and destabilization of infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings, etc.), and including potential implications for ecosystems and the carbon cycle in the high latitudes. Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Research Council to explore opportunities for using remote sensing to advance our understanding of permafrost status and trends and the impacts of permafrost change, especially on ecosystems and the carbon cycle in the high latitudes. The workshop brought together experts from the remote sensing community with permafrost and ecosystem scientists. The workshop discussions articulated gaps in current understanding and potential opportunities to harness remote sensing techniques to better understand permafrost, permafrost change, and implications for ecosystems in permafrost areas. This report addresses questions such as how remote sensing might be used in innovative ways, how it might enhance our ability to document long-term trends, and whether it is possible to integrate remote sensing products with the ground-based observations and assimilate them into advanced Arctic system models. Additionally, the report considers the expectations of the quality and spatial and temporal resolution possible through such approaches, and the prototype sensors that are available that could be used for detailed ground calibration of permafrost/high latitude carbon cycle studies.

How long is Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics?

Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics by National Research Council is 84 pages long, and a total of 21,336 words.

This makes it 28% the length of the average book. It also has 26% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 56 minutes to read Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics aloud.

What Reading Level is Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics?

Opportunities to Use Remote Sensing in Understanding Permafrost and Related Ecological Characteristics is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

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