How Long to Read Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies

How Long Does it Take to Read Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 19 minutes to read Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies by Kyle Joseph McCulloch

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Gene duplications sometimes result in large evolutionary shifts in adaptation, but often no phenotypic change occurs after duplication. In animals, molecular genetic changes, including duplications in opsin genes have resulted in highly diverse visual phenotypes. Unlike the diversity of vision-related phenotypes among orders and families, visual systems are mostly conserved among closely related species, and evidence is limited as to how visual traits initially diverge. The neotropical butterfly genus, Heliconius, is a good system for addressing these questions. Heliconius has duplicated UV opsin genes (UVRh1 and UVRh2) coincident with a UV-yellow wing pigment, a known sexual visual cue. I hypothesized that the Heliconius-specific opsin duplication has led to photoreceptor neofunctionalization in the genus, which might affect visual system evolution and divergence in the genus due to the importance of UV signals in Heliconius..To understand the phenotypic effects of UV gene duplication in H. erato, I developed an intracellular recording technique in the lab that measures photoreceptor spectral sensitivities. I also compared differences in opsin expression and retinal mosaics across 23 species in the genus, using immunohistochemistry and RNA-Sequencing. Combining this data in a phylogenetic context, I analyzed the evolutionary history of the opsins and their expression patterns in Heliconius. Intracellular recordings confirm two distinct femalespecific UV-sensitive cells in H. erato females, but males lack the UVRh1 cell. Unlike other groups with conserved eye design among closely-related species, I discovered a high diversity of both sex- and clade-specific retinal mosaics within the genus. I found three unique forms of sexual dimorphism, multiple independent pseudogenizations of UVRh2, and the independent evolution of a retinal mosaic in separate clades. The proportions of ommatidial types are tightly regulated within each species and sex. These patterns indicate that Heliconius species with only one UV cell subtype have higher proportions of blue cells, perhaps as a secondary method for detecting the genus-specific UV-yellow wing pigment.The spectacular diversity in opsin expression represents the rarely-seen incipient stages of visual system divergence. Novel UV photoreceptor subtypes evolved in Heliconius via opsin gene duplication, and subsequent varying selection pressures have likely caused the increased diversity of retinal mosaics in Heliconius..

How long is Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies?

Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies by Kyle Joseph McCulloch is 136 pages long, and a total of 34,816 words.

This makes it 46% the length of the average book. It also has 43% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 10 minutes to read Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies aloud.

What Reading Level is Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies?

Opsin Evolution and Sensory Physiology of the Compound Eye in Heliconius Butterflies is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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