How Long to Read Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators

How Long Does it Take to Read Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 48 minutes to read Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators by Anthony R. Fraser

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

A manipulator, or 'robot', consists of a series of bodies (links) connected by joints to form a spatial mechanism. Usually the links are connected serially to form an open chain. The joints are either revolute (rotary) or prismatic (telescopic), various combinations of the two giving a wide va riety of possible configurations. Motive power is provided by pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical actuation of the joints. The robot arm is distinguished from other active spatial mechanisms by its reprogrammability. Therefore, the controller is integral to any de scription of the arm. In contrast with many other controlled processes (e. g. batch reactors), it is possible to model the dynamics of a ma nipulator very accurately. Unfortunately, for practical arm designs, the resulting models are complex and a considerable amount of research ef fort has gone into improving their numerical efficiency with a view to real time solution [32,41,51,61,77,87,91]. In recent years, improvements in electric motor technology coupled with new designs, such as direct-drive arms, have led to a rapid increase in the speed and load-carrying capabilities of manipulators. However, this has meant that the flexibility of the nominally rigid links has become increasingly significant. Present generation manipulators are limited to a load-carrying capacity of typically 5-10% of their own weight by the requirement of rigidity. For example, the Cincinatti-Milicron T3R3 robot weighs more than 1800 kg but has a maximum payload capacity of 23 kg.

How long is Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators?

Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators by Anthony R. Fraser is 284 pages long, and a total of 72,136 words.

This makes it 96% the length of the average book. It also has 88% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 34 minutes to read Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators aloud.

What Reading Level is Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators?

Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators?

Perturbation Techniques for Flexible Manipulators by Anthony R. Fraser is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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