How Long to Read Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE

How Long Does it Take to Read Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE?

It takes the average reader and 36 minutes to read Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE by Daniel M. Torre

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

We conducted a series of experiments, coupling seepage meters directly to phytoplankton enclosure experiments to determine the impacts of groundwater-borne nutrients on biomass and response in community structure of phytoplankton. To assess the impacts of groundwater-borne nutrients, we measured chlorophyll a concentrations as a proxy for overall biomass and used genetic sequencing techniques to characterize the phytoplankton community structure. Groundwater carried a high N load to the estuary with NO3- up to 295 μmol/L, and NH4 + up to 55 μmol/L. As a result treatment mesocosms had NO 3- concentrations up to 55.5 μmol/L and NH 4+ up to 4.0 μmol/L, while control mesocosms received filtered seawater, and were thus relatively low in nutrients (24.2 μmol/L NO3- and ∼2 μmol/L NH4 +). In June the highest chlorophyll a concentrations occurred after 3.5 days, with significant differences between control mesocosms (4.3±0.2 mg/L), groundwater amended mesocosms (7.0±0.6 mg/L), and mesocosms receiving groundwater across the sediment-water interface (10.9±0.2 mg/L). In August, biomass peaked after 3 days and showed larger variation across treatment groups with groundwater amended mesocosms reaching significantly higher values (36.6±2.0 mg/L) than mesocosms receiving groundwater across the sediment-water interface (18.7±4.8 mg/L), which showed significantly different values than both controls and phosphate amended mesocosms (11.9±0.7 and 9.9±0.2 mg/L respectively). Community gene sequence data showed that species assemblage was also impacted by availability of nutrients, with significant differences in community structure for mesocosms receiving nutrients vs control mesocosms in both June and August experiments. Several harmful algal species also proliferated in high nutrient treatments, including Cylindrotheca closterium, Karlodinium veneficum, Nitzschia ovalis, and Heterocapsa sp. Our study demonstrates the importance groundwater-borne nutrients play in structuring the phytoplankton community, and the potential impacts of nutrient loading through groundwater transport. More research is needed to further identify spatial and temporal differences in groundwater-borne nutrient discharge and response of phytoplankton community structure.

How long is Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE?

Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE by Daniel M. Torre is 36 pages long, and a total of 9,216 words.

This makes it 12% the length of the average book. It also has 11% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 50 minutes to read Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE aloud.

What Reading Level is Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE?

Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE?

Phytoplankton Community Structure Response to Groundwater-borne Nutrients in the Inland Bays, DE by Daniel M. Torre is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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