How Long to Read Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure

How Long Does it Take to Read Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 26 minutes to read Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure by National Research Council

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects in utero and in the developing neonate. Lead poses an occupational health hazard, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed a lead standard for general industry that regulates many workplace exposures to this metal. The standard was promulgated in 1978 and encompasses several approaches for reducing exposure to lead, including the establishment of a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 μg/m3 in air (an 8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]), exposure guidelines for instituting medical surveillance, guidelines for removal from and return to work, and other risk-management strategies. An action level of 30 μg/m3 (an 8-hour TWA) for lead was established to trigger medical surveillance in employees exposed above that level for more than 30 days per year. Another provision is that any employee who has a blood lead level (BLL) of 60 μg/dL or higher or three consecutive BLLs averaging 50 μg/dL or higher must be removed from work involving lead exposure. An employee may resume work associated with lead exposure only after two BLLs are lower than 40 μg/dL. Thus, maintaining BLLs lower than 40 μg/dL was judged by OSHA to protect workers from adverse health effects. The OSHA standard also includes a recommendation that BLLs of workers who are planning a pregnancy be under 30μg/dL. In light of knowledge about the hazards posed by occupational lead exposure, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the National Research Council to evaluate potential health risks from recurrent lead exposure of firing-range personnel. Specifically, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine whether current exposure standards for lead on DOD firing ranges protect its workers adequately.The committee also considered measures of cumulative lead dose. Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure will help to inform decisions about setting new air exposure limits for lead on firing ranges, about whether to implement limits for surface contamination, and about how to design lead-surveillance programs for range personnel appropriately.

How long is Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure?

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure by National Research Council is 199 pages long, and a total of 51,541 words.

This makes it 67% the length of the average book. It also has 63% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 41 minutes to read Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure aloud.

What Reading Level is Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure?

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure?

Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure by National Research Council is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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