How Long to Read Progress in Ferromagnetism Research

How Long Does it Take to Read Progress in Ferromagnetism Research?

It takes the average reader 6 hours and 30 minutes to read Progress in Ferromagnetism Research by V. N. Murray

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Ferromagnetism is a form of magnetism that can be acquired in an external magnetic field and usually retained in its absence, so that ferromagnetic materials are used to make permanent magnets. A ferromagnetic material may therefore be said to have a high magnetic permeability and susceptibility (which depends upon temperature). Examples are iron, cobalt, nickel, and their alloys. Ultimately, ferromagnetism is caused by spinning electrons in the atoms of the material, which act as tiny weak magnets. They align parallel to each other within small regions of the material to form domains, or areas of stronger magnetism. In an unmagnetised material, the domains are aligned at random so there is no overall magnetic effect. If a magnetic field is applied to that material, the domains align to point in the same direction, producing a strong overall magnetic effect. Permanent magnetism arises if the domains remain aligned after the external field is removed. Ferromagnetic materials exhibit hysteresis. In 2004, it was discovered that a certain allotrope of carbon, nanofoam , exhibited ferromagnetism. The effect dissipates after a few hours at room temperature, but lasts longer at cold temperatures. The material is also a semiconductor. It is thought that other similarly formed materials, of boron and nitrogen, may also be ferromagnetic. This new book rings together leading research from throughout the world.

How long is Progress in Ferromagnetism Research?

Progress in Ferromagnetism Research by V. N. Murray is 378 pages long, and a total of 97,524 words.

This makes it 128% the length of the average book. It also has 119% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Progress in Ferromagnetism Research Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 8 hours and 52 minutes to read Progress in Ferromagnetism Research aloud.

What Reading Level is Progress in Ferromagnetism Research?

Progress in Ferromagnetism Research is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Progress in Ferromagnetism Research?

Progress in Ferromagnetism Research by V. N. Murray is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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