How Long to Read Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870

How Long Does it Take to Read Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870?

It takes the average reader 5 hours and 17 minutes to read Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 by Maurice Crosland

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This second collection of studies by Maurice Crosland has as a first theme the differences in the style and organisation of scientific activity in Britain and France in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Science was more closely controlled in France, notably by the Paris Academy of Sciences, and the work of provincial amateurs much less prominent than in Britain. The most dramatic change in any branch of science during this period was in chemistry, largely through the work of Lavoisier and his colleagues, the focus of several articles here, and the dominance of this group caused considerable resentment outside France, not least by Joseph Priestley. The issue of authority in science emerges again, within France under the rule of Napoleon, in a study of the exceptional power exercised by the great mathematician Laplace both in theoretical science and in academic politics. This exploration of organisation and power is complemented by a comparative study of the practice of early 'physics' and chemistry and their different reliance on laboratories. This raises the question of whether chemistry provided a model for later experimental work in other sciences, both through the construction of pioneering laboratories and in establishing early schools of research.

How long is Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870?

Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 by Maurice Crosland is 308 pages long, and a total of 79,464 words.

This makes it 104% the length of the average book. It also has 97% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 7 hours and 14 minutes to read Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 aloud.

What Reading Level is Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870?

Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870?

Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 by Maurice Crosland is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

To buy Scientific Institutions and Practice in France and Britain, c.1700–c.1870 by Maurice Crosland on Amazon click the button below.