How Long to Read Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring

How Long Does it Take to Read Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 12 minutes to read Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring by A. C. Cannons

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Two methods for the detection of important human pathogens, Cryptosporidium parvum and Helicobacter pylori, were investigated: a fiber optic biosensor, and real time PCR. The mechanism for specific detection in both methods is recognition of specific DNA sequences in the target organisms. The biosensor that was used, the Analyte 2000, was originally developed for the detection of chemicals. It utilizes a fiber optic wave guide that propagates an evanescent light wave of very specific wavelength. The light excites fluorescent molecules bound to the waveguide, but not in the bulk solution, which theoretically enhances signal while reducing background interference. Attempts to develop this system for the detection of DNA were not successful due to poor detection of the target molecules. An assay analogous to a sandwich immunoassay was designed for use on the Analyte 2000. Specific oligonucleotide probes were designed to bind to the waveguides via biotin-streptavidin interaction, and were used to capture the target DNA. Pure target DNA representing unique genes in the organisms were synthesized by PCR. Detection of captured DNA was then attempted using an oligonucleotide detection probe designed to bind to the target. Two detection systems were employed: an indirect signal amplification system based on biotin-tyramide deposition, or direct detection of fluorescent signal from Cy-5 molecules. In all experiments performed there was very little difference between the signal generated with or without the target molecules. Many experiments were conducted to attempt to identify reasons for the poor signal. Signal was only of any significance when target amplicons were internally labeled with Cy-5 by PCR. Real time PCR as a method to detect the pathogens was also investigated. Though the PCR technique itself is very rapid, DNA extraction and purification requires preparation time. Filtration of up to one liter of well water, followed by concentration and "cleaning" Helicobacter pylori cells by immunomagnetic separation, was used to detect H. pylori seeded in a water source. Following cell lysis, the extracted DNA could be used directly in conventional PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene to detect less than 265 cells per liter of water. DNA purification was not required for this level of detection. Initial studies to amplify lysed cells by real time PCR indicated that an incorrect product was made. When purified DNA was used for real time PCR, the correct product was produced from DNA representing as few as 100 cells. This publication can be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below

How long is Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring?

Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring by A. C. Cannons is 72 pages long, and a total of 18,144 words.

This makes it 24% the length of the average book. It also has 22% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 39 minutes to read Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring aloud.

What Reading Level is Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring?

Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring?

Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring by A. C. Cannons is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

To buy Sensor Technology for Water Quality Monitoring by A. C. Cannons on Amazon click the button below.