It takes the average reader 4 hours and 13 minutes to read Shape Memory Microactuators by Manfred Kohl
Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more
Overview of recent achievements, describing the microactuator development of microvalves and liner actuators comprehensively from concept through prototype. Further key aspects included are three-dimensional models for handling complex SMA actuator geometries and coupled simulation routines that take multifunctional properties into account. Mechanical and thermal optimization criteria are introduced for actuator design, allowing an optimum use of the shape memory effect. It is shown that some of the prototypes presented, e.g. SMA microgrippers, already outperform conventional components.
Shape Memory Microactuators by Manfred Kohl is 247 pages long, and a total of 63,479 words.
This makes it 83% the length of the average book. It also has 78% more words than the average book.
The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 46 minutes to read Shape Memory Microactuators aloud.
Shape Memory Microactuators is suitable for students ages 12 and up.
Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.
When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.
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