How Long to Read State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems
By U S Environmental Protection Agency
How Long Does it Take to Read State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems?
It takes the average reader 3 hours and 41 minutes to read State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems by U S Environmental Protection Agency
Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more
Description
The impact that the lack of investment in water infrastructure will have on the performance of aging underground infrastructure over time is well documented and the needed funding estimates range as high as $325 billion over the next 20 years. With the current annual replacement rate averaging 0.5%, pipes would be expected to last for 200 years, but most pipes are designed for 50 or 100 year life cycles. While this replacement rate may be sufficient in the immediate term because pipes are still relatively young, as systems grow older, the necessary replacement rates will inevitably increase. In addition to the necessary funding, congestion above and below ground is making the replacement of water mains more difficult for utility owners as is the lack of public tolerance for the disruption caused by construction work. There is an increasing availability of technologies for rehabilitation of existing pipes, which provides solutions that minimize or alleviate these problems, while providing realistic and potentially cost-effective alternatives to traditional open cut replacement.
How long is State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems?
State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems by U S Environmental Protection Agency is 216 pages long, and a total of 55,296 words.
This makes it 73% the length of the average book. It also has 68% more words than the average book.
How Long Does it Take to Read State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems Aloud?
The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 2 minutes to read State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems aloud.
What Reading Level is State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems?
State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems is suitable for students ages 12 and up.
Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.
When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.
Where Can I Buy State of Technology for Rehabilitation of Water Distribution Systems?
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