How Long to Read Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species

How Long Does it Take to Read Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 15 minutes to read Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species by author 1

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Description

"Abstract: Populations in the Rufous Antpitta (Grallaria rufula) complex occupy humid montane forests of the Andes from northern Colombia and adjacent Venezuela to central Bolivia. Their tawny to cinnamon-colored plumages are generally uniform, featuring subtle variation in hue and saturation across this range. In contrast to their conservative plumage, substantial vocal differences occur among geographically isolated or parapatric populations. Working within the framework of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny, we reexamined species limits in the G. rufula complex, basing taxonomic recommendations on diagnostic differences in vocalizations and considering identifiable differences in plumage where pertinent. We identified 16 populations for species designation, including seven populations previously described as subspecies and, remarkably, six new species described herein. Within one of these species, we identified less robust vocal differences between populations that we designate as subspecies. Geographic variation exists within another species, but its critical evaluation requires additional material. Taxonomic revisions of groups consisting of cryptic species, like the Grallaria rufula complex, are imperative for their conservation. Rather than widespread species as currently defined, these complexes can comprise many range-restricted taxa at higher risk of extinction given the continuing human pressures on their habitats. Keywords: Andes, systematics, species limits, Grallariidae, Grallaria rufula, Grallaria blakei, Grallaria rufocinerea, Ave"--Page 3.

How long is Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species?

Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species by author 1 is 74 pages long, and a total of 18,796 words.

This makes it 25% the length of the average book. It also has 23% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 42 minutes to read Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species aloud.

What Reading Level is Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species?

Taxonomic Evaluation of the Grallaria Rufula (Rufous Antpitta) Complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Grallariidae) Distinguishes Sixteen Species is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

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