How Long to Read The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere

How Long Does it Take to Read The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 10 minutes to read The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere by Abe Cheng

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The Polar Ice Prediction System (PIPS), based on the Hibler ice model, has been reformulated into spherical coordinates for the Northern Hemisphere. These spherical coordinates help to avoid a numerical singularity at the North Pole and numerical instabilities in high latitudes. Further, a coordinate transformation was chosen so that a new equator coincides with the 170 deg W - 10 deg E great circle, and a new north pole is located at the intersection of the 100 deg E meridian and the true Equator. The spherical coordinate PIPS model has been extended southward in a version of the model called PlPS2.0. In another development, the Cox ocean model has been transformed into the same spherical coordinate system as PIPS and then coupled with the sea ice model. The coupling technique of the ice and ocean models is conceptually similar to that described in Hibler and Bryan, but the heat and momentum exchanges have been modified. The two models are coupled by exchanging daily information of ice and ocean. The coupled model has been tested using the 1986 monthly forcing of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), as well as other inputs describing river runoff, bottom topography, and climatological water temperature and salinity. Preliminary results have been published. This report describes the coordinate transformation referred to above, the physics of the heat and momentum exchanges, model parameters, variable ice-water drag coefficients, and a test case using the 1986 monthly NOGAPS forcing fields. For the discussions in this report, the model domain was divided into seven subregions: the Sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea, the central Arctic, the Barents Sea, Hudson Bay, the Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay, and the Norwegian/East Greenland Seas.

How long is The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere?

The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere by Abe Cheng is 68 pages long, and a total of 17,544 words.

This makes it 23% the length of the average book. It also has 21% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 1 hour and 35 minutes to read The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere aloud.

What Reading Level is The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere?

The Development of an Ice-Ocean Coupled Model for the Northern Hemisphere is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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