How Long to Read The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion

How Long Does it Take to Read The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 12 minutes to read The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion by Mark D. Mandeles

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The B-52 and Jet Propulsion: A Case Study in Organizational Innovation is a coherent and nonpolemical discussion of the revolution in military affairs, a hot topic in the national security arena. Mark Mandeles examines an interesting topic, how can the military better understand, manage, and evaluate technological development programs. We see Murphy's Law (anything that can go wrong, will go wrong) in operation. No matter how carefully the military designs, plans, and programs the process of technological development, inevitably, equipment, organizations, and people will challenge the desired expectations. Mandeles argues convincingly that recognizing the inevitability of error may be the single most important factor in the design of effective organizations and procedures to foster and enhance innovative technology and concepts. The book focuses on the introduction of jet propulsion into the B-52. This case study illustrates the reality that surprises and failures are endemic to development programs where information and knowledge are indeterminate, ambiguous, and imperfect. Mandeles' choice of the B-52 to illustrate this process is both intriguing and apt. The military had no coherent search process inevitably leading to the choice of a particular technology; nor was decision making concerning the B-52 development program coherent or orderly. Different mixtures of participants, problems, and solutions came together at various times to make decisions about funding or to review the status of performance projections and requirements. Three aspects of the B-52's history are striking because they challenge conventional wisdom about rationally managed innovation. First, Air Force personnel working on the B-52 program did not obtain the aircraft they assumed they would get when the program began. Second, the development process did not conform to idealized features of a rational program. While a rationally organized program has clear goals, adequate information, and well-organized and attentive leadership, the B-52 development process exhibited substantial disagreement over, and revision of, requirements or goals, and ambiguous, imperfect, and changing information. Third, the “messy” development process, as described in the book, forestalled premature closure on a particular design and spurred learning and the continuous introduction of new knowledge into the design as the process went along. Military innovations involve questions about politics, cooperation and coordination, and social benefits, and like other development efforts, there appears to be no error-free method to predict at the outset the end results of any given program. This study offers a major lesson to today's planners: improving the capacity of a number of organizations with overlapping jurisdictions to interact enhances prospects to innovate new weapons and operational concepts. We can mitigate bureaucratic pathologies by fostering interaction among government and private organizations.

How long is The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion?

The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion by Mark D. Mandeles is 128 pages long, and a total of 33,024 words.

This makes it 43% the length of the average book. It also has 40% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours to read The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion aloud.

What Reading Level is The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion?

The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion?

The Development of the B-52 and Jet Propulsion by Mark D. Mandeles is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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