How Long to Read A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy

How Long Does it Take to Read A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 50 minutes to read A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy by Heather Naomi Reich

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Increasing numbers of patients present each year with end-stage renal disease. Many of the diseases causing this loss of kidney function are characterized by proteinuria, including immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) which is one of the most common causes of primary progressive glomerulonephritis. While proteinuria is known to be a negative prognostic indicator in patients with glomerular-based kidney disease, experimental evidence strongly implicates direct toxicity of proteinuria in the progression of kidney disease. The mechanism(s) by which proteinuria contributes to progressive renal injury have not been fully elucidated. Accordingly, I sought to define the role of proteinuria in IgAN, and the mechanisms by which proteinuria may contribute to kidney injury in this disease. I established that in IgAN, proteinuria---even at lower levels than previously thought---is the strongest predictor of clinical outcome. In parallel, I established an in vitro model of proteinuria and characterized the broad-based molecular response of primary human renal tubular epithelial cells to albumin exposure in this model. Using microarray technology, I defined a set of "albumin-regulated genes", and described one potential signaling mechanism by which albumin induces expression of some of these potentially injurious genes. I then explored the relevance of these findings in vivo, by studying the expression of these "albumin-regulated genes" in the tubulo-interstitial component of biopsy tissue obtained from subjects with IgAN and proteinuria, compared with the tubulo-interstitial tissue of healthy control biopsies obtained from living kidney donors. Finally, I established methods for studying gene expression in archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded kidney biopsies, which allowed me to confirm the relationship between the expression of a subset of these "albumin-regulated genes" and proteinuria in an independent group of biopsy samples obtained from patients with IgAN and proteinuria. Using this novel investigative approach, I have identified important potential mediators of renal injury induced by proteinuria in IgA nephropathy.

How long is A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy?

A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy by Heather Naomi Reich is 290 pages long, and a total of 72,500 words.

This makes it 98% the length of the average book. It also has 89% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 36 minutes to read A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy aloud.

What Reading Level is A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy?

A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy?

A Molecular Signature of Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy by Heather Naomi Reich is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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