How Long to Read A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa

How Long Does it Take to Read A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 53 minutes to read A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa by Jack Reza Stack

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

The interrelationships and phylogenetics of extinct Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) are obscured by a low-quality fossil record and understudy of Late Paleozoic (Permo-Carboniferous) actinopterygians. To help address this issue, I describe a new species of ray-finned fish from the late Early Permian Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota. This taxon is represented by two specimens, Field Museum of Natural History PF 3721 and Yale Peabody Museum 18649. PF 3721 is an exceptionally well-preserved partial three-dimensional head and trunk preserving the external anatomy of and some internal elements from the skull, paired fins, and scale cover. YPM 18649 is a partially articulated, laterally compressed individual with a heavily disarticulated skull. This fish has features of the paraphyletic "paleoniscoid" group, including an immobile maxilla with a narrow suborbital process and a broad postorbital expansion, a heterocercal caudal fin, and rhombic ganoid scales. I conducted an equally weighted maximum parsimony analysis in PAUP and a Bayesian analysis with the Mkv model of morphological evolution in MrBayes with 73 other taxa and 222 characters that placed this taxon in a polytomy with other Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic "paleoniscoids" in the respective consensus trees. I recommend the application of parsimony and Bayesian inference techniques in tandem to the problem of early actinopterygian interrelationships to provide necessary caution and direction to future work.

How long is A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa?

A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa by Jack Reza Stack is 227 pages long, and a total of 58,339 words.

This makes it 77% the length of the average book. It also has 71% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 18 minutes to read A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa aloud.

What Reading Level is A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa?

A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa?

A Permian Actinopterygian from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, Usa by Jack Reza Stack is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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