How Long to Read Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals

How Long Does it Take to Read Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 44 minutes to read Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals by Arthur J. Ragauskas

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Lignocellulosic biomass has great potentials as an alternative feedstock for fuels and chemicals. For effective utilization of biomass, biomass recalcitrance, which is inherent resistance of plant cell walls to biological deconstruction, needs to be reduced. Among many factors in biomass, lignin is significantly related to biomass recalcitrance. Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer, is the largest non-carbohydrate component (15-40% dry weight) in most terrestrial plants. In nature, it provides a structural integrity, facilitates water and nutrient transport, and protects plants from microbial attack. From a different angle, lignin significantly contributes to biomass recalcitrance, so it is necessary to reduce and/or modify the lignin for effective conversion of biomass. Genetic modifications of the lignin biosynthetic pathway and lignin-targeting pretreatments have been developed to minimize the lignin-induced biomass recalcitrance. High carbon content of lignin also renders it an attractive feedstock for many applications. About 100,000 to 200,000 tons of lignin can be generated per year as a byproduct from cellulosic ethanol production, so valorization of these lignins could be one of keys for achieving economic biorefinery. However, investigations of lignin conversion have not been accomplished as the utilization of carbohydrates in biomass. Depolymerization of lignin is still challenging because of its broad distribution of bond strengths, recondensation of low-molecular species, and poor product selectivity. Diverse biological and thermochemical depolymerization methods have been investigated to overcome these barriers. In this Research Topic, recent advancements in biomass recalcitrance by effective utilization of lignin are introduced.

How long is Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals?

Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals by Arthur J. Ragauskas is 103 pages long, and a total of 26,059 words.

This makes it 35% the length of the average book. It also has 32% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 22 minutes to read Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals aloud.

What Reading Level is Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals?

Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Advancements in Biomass Recalcitrance: The Use of Lignin for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals?

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