How Long to Read Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts

How Long Does it Take to Read Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 17 minutes to read Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts by Jingfeng Xiao

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Afforestation/reforestation (or forestation) has been implemented worldwide as an effective measure towards sustainable ecosystem services and addresses global environmental problems such as climate change. The conversion of grasslands, croplands, shrublands, or bare lands to forests can dramatically alter forest water, energy, and carbon cycles and, thus, ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration, soil erosion control, and water quality improvement). Large-scale afforestation/reforestation is typically driven by policies and, in turn, can also have substantial socioeconomic impacts. To enable success, forestation endeavors require novel approaches that involve a series of complex processes and interdisciplinary sciences. For example, exotic or fast-growing tree species are often used to improve soil conditions of degraded lands or maximize productivity, and it often takes a long time to understand and quantify the consequences of such practices at watershed or regional scales. Maintaining the sustainability of man-made forests is becoming increasingly challenging under a changing environment and disturbance regime changes such as wildland fires, urbanization, drought, air pollution, climate change, and socioeconomic change. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on case studies of the drivers, dynamics, and impacts of afforestation/reforestation at regional, national, or global scales. These new studies provide an update on the scientific advances related to forestation. This information is urgently needed by land managers and policy makers to better manage forest resources in today’s rapidly changing environments.

How long is Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts?

Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts by Jingfeng Xiao is 194 pages long, and a total of 49,276 words.

This makes it 65% the length of the average book. It also has 60% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 4 hours and 29 minutes to read Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts aloud.

What Reading Level is Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts?

Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts?

Afforestation and Reforestation: Drivers, Dynamics, and Impacts by Jingfeng Xiao is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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