How Long to Read Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease

How Long Does it Take to Read Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease?

It takes the average reader 19 hours and 3 minutes to read Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease by Victoria E. O’Collins

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

A quantitative and qualitative comparison of contemporary neuroprotection and thrombolytic stroke trials and their preclinical animal counterparts has been undertaken, with meta-analysis (DerSimonian and Laird, 1986) used to evaluate imaging and histological outcomes. Results from 35 clinical trials including 5,532 patients were compared with data from 3,145 pre-clinical acute-stroke experiments in 45,476 animals. While clinical trials tended to be of higher methodological quality and have larger sample sizes than animal experiments (71 patients vs. 7 animals per group), both were similarly underpowered owing to the greater variability in human stroke (average standard deviation of mean in humans 99% v 30% in animals). Proportionally, animal infarcts were almost four times larger than human infarcts in untreated control groups (27% v 8% of the hemisphere) although there was considerable variability in size owing to comorbidities and stroke type. Eighty-six percent of animal studies and 54% of clinical trials reported smaller infarcts in groups receiving treatment, with 41% of clinical trials reporting an improvement in the pre-specified hypothesis. Animal experiments were not effective in predicting individual trial results, nor the level of neuroprotection, however, there was a fair agreement between the direction of the animal and clinical outcomes when looking at the overall direction of drug outcome. As a drug screening tool, experimental stroke studies need refinement. Rational frameworks for translational research will help.

How long is Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease?

Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease by Victoria E. O’Collins is 1,108 pages long, and a total of 285,864 words.

This makes it 374% the length of the average book. It also has 349% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 26 hours and 2 minutes to read Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease aloud.

What Reading Level is Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease?

Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease?

Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease by Victoria E. O’Collins is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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