How Long to Read ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA

How Long Does it Take to Read ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA?

It takes the average reader 4 hours and 34 minutes to read ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA by Liping Ma

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This dissertation, "Antibiotic Resistance Genes Carried by Microbial Communities in Drinking Water Systems" by Liping, Ma, 馬黎萍, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: The overuse and misuse of antibiotics not only for human therapy but also for livestock breeding have led to the emergence and prosperity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and attracted great concerns worldwide. Drinking water distribution system (DWDS) considered as important means to remove pathogens for drinking water supply has been discovered as reservoir of ARGs. However, the comprehensive profiles of ARGs distributed in DWDS or the elimination efficiency of ARGs by drinking water treatment process or the hosts of ARGs distributed in DWDS has not been well studied yet. Thus, the major objectives of this study were (1) to reveal the wide-spectrum profiles of ARGs in DWDS; (2) to investigate the elimination efficiency of ARGs using traditional drinking water treatment process; (3) to develop a metagenomic assembly based method for identification of ARG-carrying genomes; (4) to explore the impacts of chlorination treatment on the shift of ARGs among microbial community. To scan for the occurrence, abundance and diversity of ARGs in DWDS, the metagenomic sequencing approach combined with structured ARG database was established. ARGs were found enriched by 81%-109% after traditional drinking water treatment processes, while the diversity of ARGs greatly decreased by 28%-51%. Acridine, chloramphenicol, and polymyxin related ARGs were fully removed during drinking water treatment. A metagenomic assembly based method for identifying ARG-carrying genomes in environmental samples was developed, could be applied to 1) identify host of ARGs, 2) to quantify their abundance in samples based on coverage, 3) to explore the antibiotic resistome shared among bacteria, and 4) to determine the correlations of ARGs with associated genetic elements. Moreover, the broad-spectrum profiles of ARGs were detected in tap water samples collected from six countries or regions, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Africa, Singapore and United States, respectively. Totally, 16 ARG types and 183 ARG subtypes were detected. The most dominant ARG types were bacitracin, multidrug and aminoglycoside resistance genes. 8 subtypes were generalists which existed in all samples, including bacitracin undecaprenyl diphosphatase, bacitracin undecaprenol kinase, multidrug efflux protein, multidrug HAE1-family protein, multidrug mexF, beta-lactam TEM-2, macrolide macB, and beta-lactam TEM-15. The culture-based isolation approach combined with antimicrobial susceptibility test and high-throughput sequencing technique revealed that 66.8% ARG subtypes decreased after chlorination treatments, while, only 4.5% ARG subtypes were enriched after chlorination. Tetracycline resistance genes were effectively removed by chlorination treatment (>78%). This study is the first application of high-throughput sequencing technique combined with traditional culture-based isolation approach to detect ARGs of viable microorganisms after chlorination process. The established class 1 integrase database and the assembly of gene cassettes carried by integrons were applied to investigate the abundance of intI1 in diverse environments and the arrangement of gene cassettes. Class 1 integrase intI1 genes were detected at abundance of 0 -1.3 〖10〗 DEGREES(-1)copy of intI1/cellin drinking water samples. Aminoglycoside resistance genes were most frequently

How long is ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA?

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA by Liping Ma is 272 pages long, and a total of 68,544 words.

This makes it 92% the length of the average book. It also has 84% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 6 hours and 14 minutes to read ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA aloud.

What Reading Level is ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA?

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES CA is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

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