How Long to Read ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending

How Long Does it Take to Read ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending?

It takes the average reader and 22 minutes to read ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending by Nienke Beintema

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Overall, global agricultural R&D spending in the public and private sectors steadily increased between 2000 and 2008. As further proof of positive development, most of this growth was driven by developing countries, since growth in high-income countries stalled. But, spending growth in developing countries was largely driven by positive trends in a number of larger, more advanced middle-income countries--such as China and India--masking negative trends in numerous smaller, poorer, and more technologically challenged countries. Countries in this last group are often highly vulnerable to severe volatility in funding, and hence in spending, which impedes the continuity and ultimately the viability of their research programs. Many R&D agencies in this group lack the necessary human, operating, and infrastructural resources to successfully develop, adapt, and disseminate science and technology innovations. Agricultural R&D stakeholders, including policymakers, donors, R&D managers, and international development groups, need reliable and up-to-date information on the status and direction of spending and human resource capacity levels. The complex interaction of new global challenges, including the recent food and financial crises and the effects of climate change, highlights the need for a continuous updating of key agricultural R&D indicators. ASTI's role in this area is widely recognized and was discussed in the recent G8 and G20 reports. Through its widespread network of national, regional, and international partners, ASTI continues to monitor agricultural R&D spending levels worldwide and serves as an important implementer of the GCARD monitoring process--assuming ongoing international support is provided.

How long is ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending?

ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending by Nienke Beintema is 22 pages long, and a total of 5,544 words.

This makes it 7% the length of the average book. It also has 7% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes and 30 minutes to read ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending aloud.

What Reading Level is ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending?

ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending is suitable for students ages 8 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending?

ASTI Global Assessment of Agricultural R&d Spending by Nienke Beintema is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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