How Long to Read Autophagy

How Long Does it Take to Read Autophagy?

It takes the average reader 7 hours and 20 minutes to read Autophagy by Yan Zhang

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Autophagy is a process that degrades superfluous or damaged macromolecules or organelles via the lysosome, and plays an important function in cellular homeostasis, development, survival, and differentiation. Our studies demonstrate a new function for autophagy during the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. Monocytes are programmed to undergo apoptosis in the absence of stimulation. Stimuli that promote monocyte–macrophage differentiation prevent the apoptosis of monocytes. We found that autophagy is induced when monocytes are triggered to differentiate, and that the induction of autophagy is pivotal for the survival and differentiation of monocytes. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacologic inhibitors or siRNA approaches resulted in apoptosis of the cells that are engaged in differentiation. A differentiation signal releases Beclin 1 from Bcl-2 by activating JNK and blocks Atg5 cleavage, both of which are critical for the induction of autophagy. Others have shown that the in vivo differentiation of monocytes from Atg7−/− deficient mice into macrophages was drastically inhibited compared with monocytes from control littermates. Our data also show that preventing autophagy induction hampers differentiation and cytokine production. These findings highlight an essential role of autophagy during monocyte differentiation and the acquisition of macrophage functions.

How long is Autophagy?

Autophagy by Yan Zhang is 440 pages long, and a total of 110,000 words.

This makes it 148% the length of the average book. It also has 134% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Autophagy Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 10 hours and 1 minute to read Autophagy aloud.

What Reading Level is Autophagy?

Autophagy is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Autophagy?

Autophagy by Yan Zhang is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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