How Long to Read Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests

How Long Does it Take to Read Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 44 minutes to read Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests by Helmuth Aguirre Fernandez

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Insect parasitoids provide a crucial ecosystem function by suppressing insect herbivores. Indeed, the loss of parasitoid species might compromise the ecological role they fill in both natural and agricultural systems. Potential threats faced by parasitoid communities are unclear because of a scarcity of studies of the patterns of parasitoid species distribution at different spatial scales. The main goal of my research is to provide insights about the patterns of parasitoid diversity across different natural gradients in Costa Rica. Based on an extensive museum collection of the parasitoid subfamilies Braconinae and Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), this project analyzes the patterns of parasitoid wasp diversity among life zones (chapter 2), along altitudinal gradients (chapter 3), and through both the spatial and temporal dimensions in a tropical dry forest (chapter 4). Chapter 1 offers an introduction to the biodiversity, ecological function and basic conservation needs for parasitoid wasp communities. In chapter 2, I found that richness and diversity peak in moist-wet and premontane forests for both subfamilies Doryctinae and Braconinae but species associations were different among the life zones. In the case of the subfamily Braconinae, dry and moist-wet forests shared a significant proportion of their parasitoid fauna, while premontane and montane forests had more similar parasitoid assemblages. On the other hand, Doryctinae communities inhabiting moist-wet and premontane forest displayed the greatest similarity. The Doryctinae assemblage in the montane forest was the most dissimilar from the others, suggesting relative isolation. In chapter 3, I found that both subfamilies displayed different altitudinal distributions; the Braconinae with two richness peaks at low and middle elevations, and the Doryctinae having a peak in richness at low elevations. Rapoport’s effect, which predicts that species living at the highest elevations display the broadest ranges in vertical distributions, matches the pattern seen in Doryctinae, but does not for the Braconinae. The Doryctinae assemblages above 500 m were subsamples of the species pool at low elevations; therefore, the Doryctinae parasitoid assemblage at low elevations represents a source for many species dispersing to higher elevations. Chapter 4 reveals that adult flying parasitoids were more active during the dry season, though richness did not vary significantly between seasons and diversity was higher in the rainy season. A younger plant community (10-15 years old) harbored greater diversity than an old stand (primary forest), though flight activity was greater in the old forest. The parasitoid similarity was more homogeneous across the forest stands during the dry season, compared with the rainy period.

How long is Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests?

Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests by Helmuth Aguirre Fernandez is 163 pages long, and a total of 41,239 words.

This makes it 55% the length of the average book. It also has 50% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 45 minutes to read Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests aloud.

What Reading Level is Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests?

Biodiversity and Distribution of Parasitoid Wasps in Costa Rican Forests is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

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