How Long to Read Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm

How Long Does it Take to Read Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 17 minutes to read Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm by Ming Lei

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Ca2+ is a key second messenger in the intricate workings of the heart. In cardiac myocytes, Ca2+ signaling controls or modulates electrophysiological function, excitation-contraction coupling, contractile function, energy balance, cell death, and gene transcription. Thus, diverse Ca2+-dependent regulatory processes occur simultaneously within a cell. Yet, distinct signals can be resolved by local Ca2+ sensitive protein complexes and differential Ca2+ signal integration. In addition to its importance to normal cardiac function, such regulation is also crucial in disease conditions. Ca2+ is likely involved in ectopic cardiac rhythms in both atrial and ventricular tissues through generating triggered activity often appearing as delayed afterdepolarisations, particularly following cellular Ca overloading. Recent studies also implicate Ca2+ in Na+ channel expression and properties with consequences for conduction velocity and therefore arrhythmic substrate. At the cellular level, such regulation involves control of the activity of membrane ion channels and Ca2+ handling proteins. These in turn involve multiple extra- and intracellular signaling pathways. This e-book assembles review and original articles from experts in this field. It summarises major recent progress bearing on roles of Ca2+ in cardiac electrophysiological function encompassing both normal and abnormal cardiac function. These extend from physiological roles of Ca2+ signaling in pacemaker function, in particular generation of sino-atrial pacemaker potentials, to pathological roles of abnormal Ca2+ signaling in both atrial and ventricular arrhythmogenesis. It also seeks to bridge the gap between advances in basic science and development of new therapies.

How long is Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm?

Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm by Ming Lei is 135 pages long, and a total of 34,425 words.

This makes it 46% the length of the average book. It also has 42% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 8 minutes to read Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm aloud.

What Reading Level is Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm?

Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm?

Ca2+ Signaling and Heart Rhythm by Ming Lei is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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