How Long to Read Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection

How Long Does it Take to Read Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 55 minutes to read Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection by Bohuslav Ost'ádal

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection has been divided into six parts. The first part describes the differences between hypoxia and ischemia, animal models, the effects of ischemia on myocardial function and metabolism, and the electrophysiological consequences of ischemia. The second part deals with the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte death in ischemia, structural aspects of irreversible ischemic injury, necrosis and apoptosis of cardiac cells, the role of calcium, and the concept of calcium antagonism. The third chapter is a brief description of reperfusion injury, its clinical relevance, and possible prevention. The fourth part summarizes changes in myocardial vasculature during ischemia and reperfusion. The fifth part is the survey of two main possibilities for increasing cardiac resistance to ischemia and hypoxia, i.e. long-lasting adaptation to chronic hypoxia and short-lasting preconditioning. The last part of the book deals with comparative and ontogenetic aspects of cardiac sensitivity to oxygen deprivation; this chapter also summarizes the ontogenetic differences and limitations in endogenous and exogenous protection of the ischemic/hypoxic heart.

How long is Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection?

Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection by Bohuslav Ost'ádal is 173 pages long, and a total of 43,769 words.

This makes it 58% the length of the average book. It also has 53% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 59 minutes to read Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection aloud.

What Reading Level is Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection?

Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection?

Cardiac Ischemia: From Injury to Protection by Bohuslav Ost'ádal is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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