How Long to Read Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India

How Long Does it Take to Read Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 5 minutes to read Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India by Prem Jose Vazhacharickal

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Rapid urbanization in developing countries affects the social, economic and ecologic relationships between urban inhabitants. Even though urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is well appreciated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations (UN), it is often criticized due to its intensive mode of production and safety aspects. Only little is known about the UPA production system in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). In order to characterize the various UPA production systems across MMR, a baseline survey was conducted in 2010 and further detailed investigations were conducted for general soil characterization and heavy metal signatures. Based on the results of a baseline survey of 165 households, the UPA production systems in the MMR were characterized according to their socio-economic, demographic, migratory and features related to production system. Five major UPA systems were detected: railway gardens, balcony gardens, terrace gardens, farms and ‘Tabelas’ - enclosures where buffalos and cows are reared for milk. A great diversity of vegetables, fruits, plantation crops and flowers prevail in these systems. The railway gardens in their majority (79%) were managed by migrants. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides prevalent in farms and railway gardens, while pesticide usage was absent in balcony and terrace gardens. The use of waste water among railway gardens accounted for 98% of the overall irrigation water usage; while the other production systems depend upon well water and tap water. Labor shortage is an increasing problem in UPA of MMR, while marketing channels are well organized and connected. In all cases studied, UPA systems contributed to food security and employment opportunities on limited land and helped to recycle organic waste.

How long is Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India?

Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India by Prem Jose Vazhacharickal is 124 pages long, and a total of 31,496 words.

This makes it 42% the length of the average book. It also has 38% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 52 minutes to read Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India aloud.

What Reading Level is Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India?

Characterization of urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems and soil heavy metal signatures in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

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