How Long to Read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges

How Long Does it Take to Read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges?

It takes the average reader 11 hours and 8 minutes to read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Elina Oksanen

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

In this chapter, we present information about metabolomic, transcriptomic and ecophysiological responses of birch (Betula pendula, Betula papyrifera) and aspen (Populus tremula, Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides, Populus nigra) species to increasing ozone, CO2 and/or climate warming collected from several long-term field experiments and complementary laboratory studies. Metabolomic and genetic analyses have indicated several changes in metabolites (phenolic and volatile organic compounds in particular), defence reactions and target pathways for ozone and CO2 action, and a strong impact of climate warming on metabolism of these tree species. We have been searching for metabolic and genetic indicators for ozone tolerance/sensitivity of birch and aspen and connections between gene expression, metabolite and physiological response. In the end, we discuss the limitations, challenges and current needs for methodological developments particularly in metabolomic techniques leading to more efficient tools in climate change research.

How long is Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges?

Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Elina Oksanen is 648 pages long, and a total of 167,184 words.

This makes it 219% the length of the average book. It also has 204% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 15 hours and 13 minutes to read Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges aloud.

What Reading Level is Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges?

Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges?

Climate Change, Air Pollution and Global Challenges by Elina Oksanen is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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