How Long to Read CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes

How Long Does it Take to Read CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes?

It takes the average reader 1 hour and 30 minutes to read CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes by Ahmed Mustafa Elbakush

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Listeriosis is a severe systemic disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Listeriosis has the highest fatality rate of the foodborne diseases in developed countries. It is particularly dangerous for immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, the old people and infants and is caused by ingestion of contaminated food. The ability of L. monocytogenes to cause disease is directly related to transcriptional induction of several gene products required for host cell invasion, cytosolic bacterial replication, and spread to adjacent cells. Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) affects multiple aspects of listerial physiology including motility, biofilm formation, activation of the synthesis of an exopolysaccharide (EPS), and interactions with mammalian cells. These functions are critical for listeria growth and survival in various natural and man-made environments. Two enzymes are used in the synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP molecules, diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) which synthesize c-di-GMP and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) which degrade it to GMP. Both enzymes control the balance of intracellular c-di-GMP levels. There is a diversity of receptors/effectors that can bind to c-di-GMP and act to mediate the regulation of multiple cellular processes. Preliminary results in our lab suggested that c-di-GMP represses L. monocytogenes invasive behavior and intracellular survival. In this study, we investigated the role of c-di-GMP signaling in mammalian cell invasion by the intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes. Bioinformatics studies were performed to determine candidate c-di-GMP binding proteins and subsequently, a spotting assay was performed on those proteins by using fluorescently labelled c-di-GMP. None of the proteins proved to have the ability to bind to c-di-GMP. Also in this project, we tested the roles of c-di-GMP in remodeling L. monocytogenes surface properties, which favors pathogen host cell invasion. We measured potential surface hydrophobicity changes using N-hexadecane extraction of hydrophobic proteins but found no significant difference among strains with varying c-di-GMP levels. We then extracted listerial surface proteins using several detergents and chaotropic reagents (Tris, KSCN, CHAPS, maltoside, and SDS) in anticipation of finding readily visible differences. However, visual inspection of protein profiles by SDS-PAGE revealed no drastic changes in surface protein abundance suggesting that high c-di-GMP levels do not grossly modify listerial cell surface proteins. We therefore turned to a direct approach (invasion assay), and we investigated the effect of c-di-GMP on the abundance of specific invasion factors. Transcript levels of genes in the prfA regulon were decreased in high c-di-GMP strains. By analysis of prfA expression components, we found that the transcription factor CodY is a c-di-GMP-sensitive component. In high c-di-GMP strains, codY gene expression is decreased, apparently due to lower activity of CodY, which functions as an out-activator of codY transcription. We investigated how c-di-GMP levels affect two known cofactors of listerial CodY, branched-chain amino acids and GTP. Our manipulation of branched-chain amino acid levels did not perturb the c-di-GMP effect; however, our replacement of the listerial CodY with the streptococcal CodY homolog, whose activity is GTP-independent, abolished the c-di-GMP effect. In summary, our understanding from this study is that the CodY signal transduction cascade is responsible for poor invasiveness of high c-di-GMP L. monocytogenes strains in human cells. Decreased CodY activity results in a signal transduction cascade that leads to lower expression of codY and prfA and therefore, lower expression of the entire PrfA virulence regulon causes lowe invasion by Listeria monocytogenes.

How long is CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes?

CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes by Ahmed Mustafa Elbakush is 90 pages long, and a total of 22,500 words.

This makes it 30% the length of the average book. It also has 27% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 2 hours and 2 minutes to read CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes aloud.

What Reading Level is CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes?

CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes?

CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes by Ahmed Mustafa Elbakush is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

To buy CodY-mediated C-di-GMP-dependent Inhibition of Mammalian Cell Invasion in Listeria Monocytogenes by Ahmed Mustafa Elbakush on Amazon click the button below.