How Long to Read Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise

How Long Does it Take to Read Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise?

It takes the average reader 3 hours and 41 minutes to read Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise by Mansoor Niaz

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

It is generally believed that doing science means accumulating empirical data with no or little reference to the interpretation of the data based on the scientist’s th- retical framework or presuppositions. Holton (1969a) has deplored the widely accepted myth (experimenticism) according to which progress in science is presented as the inexorable result of the pursuit of logically sound conclusions from un- biguous experimental data. Surprisingly, some of the leading scientists themselves (Millikan is a good example) have contributed to perpetuate the myth with respect to modern science being essentially empirical, that is carefully tested experim- tal facts (free of a priori conceptions), leading to inductive generalizations. Based on the existing knowledge in a field of research a scientist formulates the guiding assumptions (Laudan et al. , 1988), presuppositions (Holton, 1978, 1998) and “hard core” (Lakatos, 1970) of the research program that constitutes the imperative of presuppositions, which is not abandoned in the face of anomalous data. Laudan and his group consider the following paraphrase of Kant by Lakatos as an important guideline: philosophy of science without history of science is empty. Starting in the 1960s, this “historical school” has attempted to redraw and replace the positivist or logical empiricist image of science that dominated for the first half of the twentieth century. Among other aspects, one that looms large in these studies is that of “guiding assumptions” and has considerable implications for the main thesis of this monograph (Chapter 2).

How long is Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise?

Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise by Mansoor Niaz is 216 pages long, and a total of 55,296 words.

This makes it 73% the length of the average book. It also has 68% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 2 minutes to read Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise aloud.

What Reading Level is Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise?

Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Critical Appraisal of Physical Science as a Human Enterprise?

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