How Long to Read Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources

How Long Does it Take to Read Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources?

It takes the average reader 8 hours and 33 minutes to read Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources by Vadim Dudnikov

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

This book describes the development of sources of negative ions and their application in science and industry. It describes the physical foundations and implementation of the key methods of negative ion production and control, such as charge exchange, thermionic emission, plasma volume, secondary emission (sputtering) and surface-plasma sources, as well as the history of their development. Following on from this essential foundational material, the book goes on to explore transport of negative ion beams, and beam-plasma instabilities. Now in its second edition, the book has been substantially expanded and updated to address the many developments since it was first published, most importantly the development and investigation of cesiated surfaces with work function ~1.2-1.3 eV in conditions close to discharges in surface plasma sources. The book also includes a new chapter on development of conversion targets for high-energy neutral beam injectors, covering gas targets, plasma targets and photon targets for efficient conversion of high energy negative ion beams to neutral beams. With exposition accessible at the graduate level, and a comprehensive bibliography, this book will appeal to all students and researchers whose work concerns ion sources and their applications to accelerators, beam physics, storage rings, cyclotrons, and plasma traps.

How long is Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources?

Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources by Vadim Dudnikov is 498 pages long, and a total of 128,484 words.

This makes it 168% the length of the average book. It also has 157% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 11 hours and 42 minutes to read Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources aloud.

What Reading Level is Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources?

Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources is suitable for students ages 12 and up.

Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.

When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.

Where Can I Buy Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources?

Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources by Vadim Dudnikov is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.

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