How Long to Read Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1

How Long Does it Take to Read Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1?

It takes the average reader 2 hours and 32 minutes to read Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1 by Eugene Chun-Chin Lin

Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more

Description

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a robust method to solve the structures of membrane proteins in their native bilayer environments. Two systems have been well established: oriented samples (OS) are referred to proteins incorporated in the magnetic aligned bicelles, and rotationally aligned (RA) samples are referred to proteins undergoing fast rotational diffusion in proteoliposomes. 1H-15N and 1H-13C dipolar couplings are measured as the angular restraints for the structure calculations. New separated-local-field experiment, Dual-PISEMO, is developed for OS solid-state NMR to measure 1H-13C dipolar couplings of the uniformly 13C labeled proteins, which provide both backbone and side-chain conformations. In order to obtain the full assignments and restraints in OS solid-state NMR, 1H-irradiations with mismatched conditions are implemented to improve the crucial step: the magnetization transfer between 15N and 13C. Non-uniform sampling (NUS) is an alternative approach to further the experimental time of high-dimensional solid-state NMR experiments. Compressed sensing (CS) is able to reconstruct the spectra with 25 ~ 33% of data with the optimized sampling scheme, and covariance spectroscopy provides promising results with alternative States sampling scheme, which requires 50% of data or less. Viral protein "u" (Vpu) from HIV-1 is a type I membrane protein consisting of a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain, which are associated with different biological activities to enhance viral infectivity. It is essential to determine the three-dimensional structure of Vpu in order to understand its mechanisms in the molecular level and to develop new classes of anti-viral drugs. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) experiments providing high-sensitivity and high- resolution spectra, are implemented to study Vpu incorporated into proteoliposomes. 15N, 13C chemical shift and 1H-15N, 1H-13C dipolar couplings are measured and converted to equivalent structural restraints.

How long is Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1?

Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1 by Eugene Chun-Chin Lin is 148 pages long, and a total of 38,184 words.

This makes it 50% the length of the average book. It also has 47% more words than the average book.

How Long Does it Take to Read Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1 Aloud?

The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 3 hours and 28 minutes to read Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1 aloud.

What Reading Level is Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1?

Development of Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy for Membrane Proteins and the Application to Vpu from HIV-1 is suitable for students ages 10 and up.

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