How Long to Read Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination
By Gerald E. Speitel Jr
How Long Does it Take to Read Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination?
It takes the average reader 4 hours and 11 minutes to read Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination by Gerald E. Speitel Jr
Assuming a reading speed of 250 words per minute. Learn more
Description
In response to current and anticipated disinfection by-product (DBP) regulations, many utilities have begun to use chloramines as a secondary disinfectant. Chloramination produces DBPs such as haloacetic acids (HAAs), trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) in lower concentrations than chlorination. Previous research has demonstrated that dihalogenated haloacetic acids (DXAAs) are the most commonly formed HAAs during chloramination. Some utilities may have difficulty meeting the new maximum contaminant level (MCL) for HAAs because chloramination does not limit the formation of DXAAs to the same extent as it does other DBPs. The objectives of this project were to: better understand the reactivity of key natural organic matter (NOM) fractions and the effects of treatment processes with respect to dihaloacetic acid (DXAA) formation, better delineate the influence of pH and Cl2/N ratio on DXAA formation, characterize DXAA formation kinetics and the impact of treatment processes on the kinetics, especially the impact of prechlorination, calculate the rate and extent of DXAA formation at elevated summer water temperatures, and determine the effect of bromide concentration on DXAA speciation and kinetics.
How long is Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination?
Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination by Gerald E. Speitel Jr is 246 pages long, and a total of 62,976 words.
This makes it 83% the length of the average book. It also has 77% more words than the average book.
How Long Does it Take to Read Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination Aloud?
The average oral reading speed is 183 words per minute. This means it takes 5 hours and 44 minutes to read Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination aloud.
What Reading Level is Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination?
Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination is suitable for students ages 12 and up.
Note that there may be other factors that effect this rating besides length that are not factored in on this page. This may include things like complex language or sensitive topics not suitable for students of certain ages.
When deciding what to show young students always use your best judgement and consult a professional.
Where Can I Buy Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination?
Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination by Gerald E. Speitel Jr is sold by several retailers and bookshops. However, Read Time works with Amazon to provide an easier way to purchase books.
To buy Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination by Gerald E. Speitel Jr on Amazon click the button below.
Buy Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination on Amazon